Piagetian stages of cognitive development
Piagetian stages of cognitive
development
Piaget was a French speaking Swiss theorist who posited that children learn
by actively constructing knowledge through hands-on experience. He suggested
that the adult's role in helping the child learn was to provide appropriate
materials for the child to interact and construct. He would use Socratic questioning to get the children to reflect on what they were
doing. He would try to get them to see contradictions in their explanations. He
also developed stages of development. His approach can be seen in how the
curriculum is sequenced in schools, and in the pedagogy of preschool centers
across the United States.
Vygotsky's cultural–historical
theory
Vygotsky was a theorist from the Soviet era, who posited that children
learn through hands-on experience, as Jean Piaget suggested. However, unlike
Piaget, he claimed that timely and sensitive intervention by adults when a
child is on the edge of learning a new task (called the "zone of proximal development") could help children learn
new tasks. Martin Hill stated that "The world of reality does not apply to
the mind of a child." This technique is called "scaffolding,"
because it builds upon knowledge children already have with new knowledge that
adults can help the child learn. Vygotsky was strongly focused on the role of
culture in determining the child's pattern of development, arguing that
development moves from the social level to the individual level.
Ecological Systems Theory
Main
article: Ecological Systems Theory
Also called "Development in Context" or "Human Ecology"
theory, Ecological Systems Theory, originally formulated by Urie Bronfenbrenner specifies four types of nested environmental systems,
with bi-directional influences within and between the systems. The four systems
are microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. Each system contains
roles, norms and rules that can powerfully shape development. Since its publication
in 1979, Bronfenbrenner's major statement of this theory, The Ecology of
Human Development has had widespread influence on the way psychologists and
others approach the study of human beings and their environments. As a result
of this conceptualization of development, these environments—from the family to
economic and political structures—have come to be viewed as part of the life
course from childhood through adulthood.
Attachment theory
Main
article: Attachment theory
Attachment theory, originally developed by John Bowlby, focuses on
open, intimate, emotionally meaningful relationships. Attachment is described
as a biological system or powerful survival impulse that evolved to ensure the
survival of the infant. A child who is threatened or stressed will move toward
caregivers who create a sense of physical, emotional and psychological safety for
the individual. Attachment feeds on body contact and familiarity. Later Mary Ainsworth developed
the Strange Situation Protocol and the concept of the secure base. See also the
critique by developmental psychology pioneer Jerome Kagan.
Unfortunately, there are situations that inhibit a child from forming
attachments. Some babies are raised without the stimulation and attention of a
regular caregiver, or locked away under conditions of abuse or extreme neglect.
The possible short-term effects of this deprivation are anger, despair,
detachment, and temporary delay in intellectual development. Long-term effects
include increased aggression, clinging behavior, detachment, psychosomatic
disorders, and an increased risk of depression as an adult.
SOURCE:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology
Vocabulary list:
1.
Psychosomatic
disorders = Psychosomatic gangguan
2. Depression =depresi
3. Agresion =Macaca
4. Clinging behavior =Perilaku yang melekat
5. Detachment =detasemen
6. Despair =putus asa
7. Survival of the infant = Kelangsungan
hidup bayi
8. Human ecology = ekologi manusia
9. Scaffolding =.perancah
10. Atachmen = Atachmen
The material
focuses on reading
Awnswer the question bellow:
1. Who is
Piaget?
2. Who is Vygotsky?and
explain the theory about psychology!
5. What are the
situations that inhibit a child from forming attachments?
